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OBJECTIVE: To analyze carbapenemases genotype of imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in intensive care unit (ICU) of 3 third grade class A hospitals from Qingdao area, so as to provide reference for drug-resistant bacteria infection prevention and treatment in clinic. METHODS: From Jan. 2013 to Jun. 2016, each 60 strains of imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (IRKP), imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IRPA) and imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii (IRAB) were collected from 3 third grade class A hospitals from Qingdao area. Drug sensitivity test was performed by using Kirby-Bauer method. Phenotypes of carbapenemases were determined by Carba NP trial. PCR was applied to amplify carbapenemase gene; Sanger seqnencing method was adopted for bi-directional sequencing; Blast comparison with GenBank database was conducted. RESULTS: Three kinds of imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli showed high drug resistance to majority commonly used antibiotics as piperacillin, cefazolin, imipenem and cilastatin sodium, gentamicin, etc., but were sensitive to polymyxin B (resistance rate of 0). Among 180 drug-resistant strains, there were 52 strains of class A carbapenems, 13 strains of class B carbapenems and 39 strains of class D carbapenems; the detection rates of them were 28. 89％, 7. 22％ and 21. 67％, respectively. There were 52 strains of KPC-2 gene (IRKP), 4 strains of IMP-1 gene (IRPA), 8 strains of VIM-2 gene (7 strains of IRPA, 1 strain of IRAB), 39 strains of OXA-23 gene (IRAB); the detection rates of them were 28. 89％, 2. 22％, 4. 44％, 21. 67％; all strains were not detected 1MP-2, VIM-1, NDM-1, OXA-24, OXA-58 genes. Results of Blast comparison showed that above detected genes were absolutely homology with the corresponding genes in GenBank database. CONCLUSIONS: Drug resistance of imipenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in ICU of 3 third grade class A hospitals is serious in this region, which are nearly no-sensitive to most of commonly used antibiotics in clinic. Main genotypes included KPC-2 (K. pneumoniae), OXA-23 (A. baumanii) and IMP-1 and VIM-2 (P. aeruginosa).
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After several in -depth investigations on the third party mediation mechanism of "Guangdong mode" in Guangdong Harmony Medical Dispute Mediation Committee and combined with the analysis of the domes-tic and foreign medical dispute disposal experience , this paper summed up five points that successful construction of harmonious mediation mechanism should grasp .The five points include the fairness of harmonious mediation thoughts , the feasibility of harmonious mediation paths , the justice of harmonious mediation mechanism , the suita-bility of harmonious mediation environment and the success of harmonious mediation results .Only when grasp these five points, couldit create a gradually harmonious doctor -patient relationship .
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After several in -depth investigations on the third party mediation mechanism of "Guangdong mode" in Guangdong Harmony Medical Dispute Mediation Committee and combined with the analysis of the domes-tic and foreign medical dispute disposal experience , this paper summed up five points that successful construction of harmonious mediation mechanism should grasp .The five points include the fairness of harmonious mediation thoughts , the feasibility of harmonious mediation paths , the justice of harmonious mediation mechanism , the suita-bility of harmonious mediation environment and the success of harmonious mediation results .Only when grasp these five points, couldit create a gradually harmonious doctor -patient relationship .
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The credibility of the third-party mediation agencies in medical disputes lies in their own advantages of efficiency,neutrality,professionalism and objectivity.However,because of the differences of actual operation,the credibility of the third-party mediation agencies often is questioned by both doctors and patients and the public.Aiming at these,this paper would study the status and the pushing approach of the third-party mediation agencies credibility from the perspective of professionalism and neutrality,legislation,fundraising channels and supervision.
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Objective To investigate antibiotics resistant characteristics and carbapenemases genotype of Acinetobacter baumannii in Intensive Care Unit (ICU),so as to provide theoretical basis for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods Retrospective study was made on 90 non-duplicated clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii,which were collected From January 2013 to January 2014 in three tertiary hospitals of Qingdao.All strains were identified by VITEK2 automated microbiology analyzer;K-B method was used to do drug susceptibility test;polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the OXA-23,OXA-24,OXA-51,OXA-58,KPC-2,VIM,IMP genes,and the positive products of genes were sequenced;the chi-square test was used to compare the difference of the resistance rates.Results The detection rate of multi-drug resistant A.baumannii (MDRAB)and Pan-drug resistant A.baumannii (PDRAB)was 61.11% (55/90) and 17.78% (16/90).In the 32 strains of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,the resistant rates to Cefoperazone/sulbactam,Polymyxin B was lower,while the resistant rates to other drugs tested were more than 85%.The difference of the resistance rates to 9 drugs between imipenem resistant group and Imipenem sensitive group were statistically significant (P≤0.05).PCR result showed: 32 strains detected OXA-51 gene,28 strains detected OXA-23 gene,and 3 strains detected VIM gene,the detection rates of which were 100%,87.50% and 9.38% respectively.All strains were not detected OXA-24,OXA-58,KPC-2 and IMP genes.The sequenced results were absolutely homology with the corresponding genes in genbank.Conclusions The resistance of A.baumannii in ICU is serious in this region,especially imipenem-resistant A.baumannii,which were nearly no-sensitive to most of the drugs commonly used in clinical.The gene existence of carbapenemase and carbapenemase producing is one of the main resistance mechanism of Acinetobacter baumannii to carbapenem antibiotics.OXA-23 was the major genotypes in this region.
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Objective To study the bowel-cleansing efficacy, patient security and mucosal injury of low-volume PEG plus ascorbic acid regimen. Methods Five hundred patients referred for colonoscopy were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. Group A received low-volume PEG regimen, Group B received sodium phosphate (NaP) regimen for bowel preparation. Patients of the two groups drank solution 5 h before colonoscopies, serum creatinine and electrolyte were monitored at 5 h and 3 h before colonoscopies. The bowel-cleansing efficacy was rated during colonoscopy. All mucosal injuries observed during colonoscopy were biopsied and histopathologically reviewed. Results The patients of group A completed bowel preparation of 233 cases, completed colonoscopy 226 Cases, group B completed bowel preparation 238 cases, completed colonoscopy 210 cases. There was no significant difference in bowel cleansing between the groups (P > 0.05). Group A reported less incidence rate of the mucosal injuries than Group B. Group A reported better patient security than Group B at the same time. Conclusion Compared with sodium phosphate (NaP) regimen low-volume Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) plus ascorbic acid regimen exhibited equivalent bowel-cleansing efficacy and less incidence rate of the mucosal injuries and better patient security.
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Objective To study the paracrine effect of hypoxic preconditioned umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) on the proliferation,migration and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts.Methods UCMSCs were cultured under hypoxia and normal oxygen condition before two UCMSCs conditioned media were obtained.After that,MG-63 cells were cultured in three groups:hypoxia conditioned medium group,normoxia conditioned medium group and DMEM control group.The proliferation of MG-63 cells was detected by mosmann tetrazoline colorimetry( MTT) method after 1,3 and 5 days.The migratory ability of MG-63 cells was detected by scratch assay .After 21 days′culture , the formation of osteogenic calcium nodules was detected by Alizarin red staining.ELISA method was used to detect the content of vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF) in hypoxia and normoxia conditioned medium.Results The MTT test showed that the proliferation ability of MG-63 cells in hypoxia conditioned medium group and normoxia conditioned medium group was greater than in the DMEM control group.The difference was statistically significant ( P <0.05).Furthermore, the proliferation ability of cells in hypoxia conditioned medium group were much greater than cells in normoxia culture medium group.The difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).Scrath assay showed that the migratory ability of MG-63 cells in hypoxia conditioned medium group and normoxia conditioned medium group was greater than cells in DMEM control group,and cells in hypoxia conditioned medium group was much greater than cells in normoxia conditioned medium group. After 21 days′culture,we found that the number of calcium nodules was the largest in hypoxia conditioned medium group, followed by normoxia conditioned medium group and DMEM control group.ELISA showed that the content of VEGF in hypoxia conditioned medium was higher than that in normoxia conditioned medium and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).Conclusion The paracrine function of UCMSCs can be enhanced by hypoxia,thus improving the proliferation,migration and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts.
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BACKGROUND:Bioactive glass has good biocompatibility, which can promote the remineralization effects of demineralized enamel and enhance the resistance of enamel to erosion. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of bioactive glass toothpaste versus fluoride toothpaste on brushing abrasion of enamel after acid etching. METHODS:Fifty-six enamel specimens were prepared from bovine incisors, and were embedded in acrylic resin with exposed buccal surface. The exposed area was 6 mm×6 mm and two amalgam fil ings were placed into the enamel and polished. Al specimens were divided into seven groups with eight specimens each. In six groups, specimens were brushed with ordinary toothpaste, fluoride toothpaste, bioactive glass toothpaste immediately and 30 minutes after being eroded by the Sprite. The last one group was brushed with ordinary toothpaste without acid etching as control. The treatment course was cycled 60 times. The surface abrasion loss of the specimens between two amalgam fil ings compared with respective amalgam reference surfaces was final y observed and calculated under laser scanning confocal microscope. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The abrasion loss amount of teeth with no acid etching was significantly lower than that with acid etching (P<0.05). The abrasion loss amount of teeth brushed with bioactive glass toothpaste was less than that with fluoride toothpaste at the same brushing time (P<0.05). For the same toothpaste, the abrasion loss amount of teeth brushed 30 minutes after eroded was less than that bushed instantly after eroded (P<0.05). Use of bioactive glass toothpaste can effectively reduce enamel loss caused by acid etching and brushing. The loss amount can also be reduced by brushing teeth 30 minutes after acid etching.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the results of pathogenic bacteria culture on chronic periprosthetic joint infection after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The medical data of 23 patients with chronic periprosthetic joint infection after TKA or THA from September 2010 to March 2014 were reviewed. Fifteen cases of TKA and 8 cases of THA were included in this study. There were 12 male and 11 female patients with the mean age of 62 years (range from 32 to 79 years), and among them 9 patients with sinus. All patients discontinued antibiotic therapy for a minimum of 2 weeks before arthrocentesis, taking pathogenic bacteria culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test by using synovial fluid taken preoperatively and intraoperatively of revision. Common pathogenic bacteria culture and pathological biopsy were taken on tissues intraoperatively of revision. Culture-negative specimens were prolonged the period of incubation for 2 weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall culture-positive rate of all 23 patients for 1 week before revision was 30.4% (7/23), and the positive rate of culture-negative samples which prolonged for 2 weeks was 39.1% (9/23). The overall culture-positive rate of patients for 1 week intraoperatively of revision was 60.9% (14/23), and the positive rate of culture-negative samples which prolonged for 2 weeks was 82.6% (19/23). The incubation results of 7 cases (30.4%) preoperatively conformed to that of intraoperation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The culture-positive rate of pathogenic bacteria culture can be increased evidently by discontinuing antimicrobial therapy for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to the definite diagnosis.</p>
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Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Bacteria , Chronic Disease , Prosthesis-Related Infections , ReoperationABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and surgical management of adult presacral tumors.Methods The clinical data of 24 patients with adult presacral tumors from 2007 to 2012 were retrospectively analysed.All patients were diagnosed by digital rectal examination and imaging examination before operation.Seventeen patients with via sacrococcygeal approach,4 patients with via abdominal approach,and 3 patients with via combined abdominal and sacrococcygeal approach.Results The incision of 22 patients primary healing.There were 2 patients with postoperative incision infections,after dressing change cure.No patients died during perioperative period.Twenty patients were followed up for 3-17 months,1 patient with via abdominal approach recurrenced,and was healed after a second surgical resection.Conclusions Digital rectal examination and imaging examination are the main methods for diagnosis of adult presacral tumors.Most adult presacral tumors can be resected through sacrococcygeal route.
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BACKGROUND:Bio-Gide col agen membranes show a good biocompatibility with stem cells. But the research on the osteogenetic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells cultured on the Bio-Gide col agen membranes is rarely reported. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of Bio-Gide col agen membranes on the proliferation and the osteogenetic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. METHODS:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from rabbits were isolated and cultured by using the whole bone marrow adherence method in vitro. Passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were selected and seeded on the Bio-Gide col agen membrane pretreated petri dish (experimental group) and simple petri dish (control group). The proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was detected by cellCounting Kit-8 at 1, 4, 7, 14 days. The supernatant of the cells cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium were col ected to detect the activity of alkaline phosphatase at 1, 4, 7, 14 days. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The number of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the two groups was increased with the increasing time, and the control group had more cells than the experimental group at 7 days (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups at other time points. The alkaline phosphatase activity was increased with the increasing culture time, and the experimental group had a higher activity than the control group at 14 days (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups at other time points. Experimental findings indicate that Bio-Gide col agen membranes can promote the proliferation and the osteogenetic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
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BACKGROUND:At present, it remains controversial whether open reduction plate fixation is needed for distal radius fracture in the elderly to restore anatomic reduction of imaging. OBJECTIVE:To systematical y evaluate the curative effects of operative and nonoperative treatments for distal radius fractures in the elderly. METHODS:We retrieved PubMed, Springer and Wanfang database using computer. Relevant English and Chinese journals of orthopedics were retrieved by hand. Al literatures on curative effects of operative and nonoperative treatments for distal radius fractures in the elderly were col ected. RevMan 5.0 software provided by Cochrane was used to statistical y analyze the data. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Six literatures were included, including two of randomized control ed study and four of retrospective cohort study. Meta-analysis results displayed that there were no significant differences in both groups in range of motion of wrist joint extension [mean difference (MD)=-0.87, 95%confidence interval (CI) (-3.31, 1.58), P=0.49], range of motion of wrist joint flexion [MD=-2.79, 95%CI(-6.47, 0.88), P=0.14], range of motion of wrist pronation [MD=-0.08, 95%CI(-1.49, 1.64), P=0.92], range of motion of supination [MD=-0.7, 95%CI(-3.52, 2.12), P=0.63] and the occurrence of complication [MD=1.35, 95%CI(0.71, 2.56), P=0.36]. The length of radius in the surgery group was similar to that of normal [MD=2.46, 95%CI(1.78, 3.15), P<0.01]. Ulnar inclination [MD=3.73, 95%CI(2.97, 4.48), P<0.000 01] and palmar tilt angle [MD=6.81, 95%CI(3.72, 9.90), P<0. 000 1] in the surgery group were close to that of normal. There are no significant differences in extension, flexion, pronation and supination activities of wrist and posttreatment complication between two groups. Operative treatment result is superior to that of nonoperative treatment in anatomic reduction.
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Objective To investigate the relationships and clinicopathologic features of the expressions of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and PC cell-derived growth factor (PCDGF) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC),and to determine the role of CYP2E1 and PCDGF in angiogenesis.Methods The expression levels of CYP2E1 and PCDGF in 42 surgical cancer specimens and 20 adjacent normal esophageal mucosa specimens from patients with ESCC were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The positive expression rates of CYP2E1 and PCDGF in ESCC were 83.3 ％ (35/42) and 88.1％ (37/42),respectively,which were obviously higher than those of normal mucosa (P ＜ 0.05).Expression of PCDGF was correlated with the degree of histological differentiation (r =0.444,P ＜ 0.05),depth of tumor invasion (r =0.332,P ＜ 0.05),lymph node metastasis (r =0.476,P ＜ 0.05),and TNM classification (r =0.450,P ＜ 0.05).The expression of CYP2E1 was negatively correlated with tumor tissue differentiation (r =-0.518,P ＜ 0.05),and positively correlated with depth of invasion in ESCC (r =0.388,P ＜ 0.05).The expression of CYP2E1 was related to that of PCDGF in the tumor (r =0.483,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The expressions of CYP2E1 and PCDGF are synergistically involved in tumor growth,infiltration andmetastasis.Overexpression of CYP2E1 and PCDGF can be used as the important predictors for evaluating the biological behavior of ESCC and predicting prognosis of patients.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of open reduction and multi-dimensional several pin fixation of Gartland type Ⅲ supracondylar fractures with late callus formation in children.Methods The study involved 37 children of Gartland type m supracondylar fractures with late callus formation undergone posteromedial elbow incision,open reduction via bilateral triceps sparing approach,several K-wire internal fixation and early functional rehabilitation from May 2009 to May 2011.There were 23 males and 14 females at 3-13 years of age (mean,7 years).Postoperative results were evaluated according to Flynn standard.Mean 9.5 months of follow-up was made.Results The results were excellent in 28 cases,good in five,fair in two and poor in two.No serious complications occurred after operation.Conclusion Open reduction and multi-dimensional several K-wire fixation is an effective treatment for Gartland type Ⅲ supracondylar fractures with late callus formation in children and hence provides a choice for clinical use.
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Objective To investigate the changes of fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and bile acid levels in patients with colon cancer.Methods Totally 189 patients with colon cancer (CC group),201 patients with adenomatous polyp (AP group),and 512 healthy patients (control group) who were confirmed by endoscopy were included in this study.The fecal SCFA and bile acid levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Results The total bile acids,primary bile acids,and secondary bile acids were not significantly different among these three groups (P ＞ 0.05).The chenodeoxycholate level in the CC group [0.338 (0.101,0.416) mg/g] was significandy higher than that in AP group [0.241 (0.108,0.375) mg/g] and control group [0.248 (0.110,0.371) mg/g] (P=0.025,P=0.023),but was not significantly different between the AP groupand the control group (P ＞ 0.05).The deoxycholic acid level in CC group [0.375 (0.136,0.503) mg/g] and AP group [0.369 (0.113,0.494) mg/g] were significandy higher than that in control group [0.277 (0.115,0.412) mg/g] (P=0.026,P=0.024),and the difference between CC group and AP group was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).The level of lithocholic acid in CC group [0.386 (0.147,0.507) mg/g] was significantly higher than those in the AP group [0.103 (0.012,0.238) mg/g] and control group [0.239 (0.081,0.405) rng/g] (P=0.011,P=0.027); also,its level in AP group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P =0.022).The levels of total short-chain fatty acids,acetic acid,propionic acid,and isovaleric acid were not significantly different among the control group,AP group,and CC group (P＞0.05).The levels of butyrate [0.105 (0.059,0.198) mg/g,0.090 (0.050,0.183) mg/g],isobutyl acid [0.036 (0.024,0.046) mg/g,0.025 (0.020,0.034) mg/g] in CC group and AP group were significantly higher than in the control group [0.081 (0.051,0.107) mg/g,0.021 (0.016,0.029) mg/g] (butyrate:P=0.026,P=0021; isobutyl acid:P=0.025,P=0.019),and the difference between CC group and AP group was statistically significant (butyrate:P =0.031; isobutyl acid:P =0.024).Conclusions Fetal chenodeoxycholic acid,lithocholic acid,butyric acid,and isobutyric acid may play a role in the developmem of colon cancer,while deoxycholic acid may also be implicated in both colon cancer and colon adenomas.No association is found between other SCFA and bile acids and colorectal cancer/adenoma.
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BACKGROUND:Studies have found that the glass fiber splint which is embedded into the groove on the lingual surface of the affected tooth plus fluid resin fixation between the gap of mobile teeth can achieve more satisfactory clinical effects on the stabilization of loose front teeth. OBJECTIVE:To observe the clinical effects of glass fiber splints prepared using two tooth preparation methods on splinting loose front teeth and their debonding rate through a 5-year fol ow-up visit. METHODS:Ninety-four chronic periodontal disease patients, who had received periodontal treatment, were enrol ed in this study for their loose front teeth of degree II-III. Al the enrol ed patients were good candidates for periodontal splinting strictly in accordance with the indications for periodontal splinting. According to whether the fluid resin was used to seal the gap between the mobile teeth, the 96 patients were divided into two groups:patients undergoing glass fiber splint+fluid resin between the mobile teeth served as experimental group, and those only undergoing glass fiber splint as control group. Al the patients were fol owed by regular clinical referral or telephone fol ow-up for 5 year, to evaluate the fixed effects. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:During the 5 years of regular clinical referral or telephone fol ow-up, seven of the 76 cases and 12 of the 18 cases were found in the experimental and control groups, respectively, to have debonding between the abutment and the splint. Compared with the control group, the probing depth and attachment loss of affected teeth were improved significantly (P<0.05), and the percentage of alveolar bone height accounting for the root length increased significantly in the experimental group (P<0.05) after 5 years of fol ow-up. Patients in the experimental group felt comfortable without foreign body sensation. The results confirmed that the glass fiber splinting plus fluid resin fixation between the gap of mobile teeth was a better treatment for loose front teeth during the 5-year fol ow-up.
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[Objective]To evaluate the operative technique and the short-term clinical results of total hip arthroplasty(THA) for developmental dysplasia of the hip(DDH) in adults. [Method]Sixty-one patients(77 hips) with DDH who received THR without cement between December 1997 and October 2006 were followed up.In this group,53 cases were female,and 8 cases were male.The average age was 31.4 years(range,17~56 years).According to the classification of Hartofilakidis,fifteen cases were type I(eighteen hips);twenty-three cases,type Il(thirty hips);and twenty-three cases,type III(twenty-nine hips).The average Harris Hip Score was 40 points(range,16~61).All of patients were exposed through the.posterolateral approach.The threaded cup with coating were put in or near the level of the true acetabulum in all of cases.Full coating stems were used in femoral side,shortening osteotomy below lesser trochanter of femur were performed in twelve cases. [Result]The mean duration of follow-up was 49 months(range,12~118 months),the average Harris Hip Score increased from 40(range,16~61) preoperatively to 91(range,82~95) at the time of the latest follow-up.All the hips acquired union of osteotomy and bone ingrowth.None of the patients had radiographic evidence of aseptic loosening of prosthesis. [Conclusion]Uncemented total hip arthroplasty for the developmental dislocation of the hip in adults can get better results significantly,although it presents greater technical difficulty.
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BACKGROUND: Attachment reflects the early social experience of infant, which plays an important role in later child development. Although most of the attachment develops between infant and mother, some may occur between infant and care giver or others who have close relationship with it.OBJECTIVE: To analyze the infant-mother attachment patterns and the factors related to infant attachment.DESIGN: It was a sampling investigation.SETTING: Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 75 infants and their mother were selected randomly for this study in the Department of Child Health in Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital from August to October 2002.METHODS: Strange situation test (SST) was performed by 6 researchers who were trained systematically. They watched the videos collectively and classified the patterns of infant attschment based on their performance. The internal consistency coefficient was 0.90. For those inconsistent assessments, the video should be reviewed and discussed to get an accordant conclusion. In addition, a self-designed maternal questionnaire was used to investigate the general condition of the infant and the familial information.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Distribution of infant attachment patterns. ②Analysis of the risk factors related to infant attachment.RESULTS: All the 75 infants and their mother entered the statistical analysis. ①Distribution of the infant attachment patterns: In 75 infants, secure attachment was 65% and insecure attachment was 35%, among which,insecure-indifferent type was 18%, insecure-importunate type was 13%,and insecure-disorganized type was 4%. ②Analysis of the risk factors related to infant attachment Those infants with a younger age, a poor approachability (the response to strangers, new environment and objects), a closer relationship with caregiver and a more inconsistent education from the family members, are prone to develop insecure attachment.CONCLUSION: Secure attachment is dominant in infants. The security of attachment is related to the maturity and personality traits of the infants,the relationship between infant and caregiver and the educational approach for them. Key words Object attachment; Infant; Factor analysis, statistics
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Objective:To explore the influence factors and the characters of infant-mother attachment in Guangdong.Methods:“strange situation"essay was used to assess the characters of infant-mother attachment in 75 infants of 8 to 14 months.An self-formulated questionnaire of infants'general status and family related factors were filled by their mothers.Results:(1)Among 75 infants,65.3% were secure-type,34.6% were insecure-type which included 17.3% of indifferent-type, 13.3% of importunate-type,and 4.0% of disorganized-type;(2)The influence factors were age,approachability,relations between infants and fosterers, and the attitude consistency among family members towards infants.Conclusion:Of this investigation, most infants were secure-type.There were some influence factors involved in the characters of infant-mother attachment.